PUBLICATIONS
PUBLISHED 2026
Intervention development of the RISE curriculum: A trauma-informed reentry approach for men.
This article addresses the demand for trauma-based interventions tailored to the distinctive challenges confronting young men during the reentry phase, approximately 4–6 months before release and a year post-release. We introduce the Resiliency in Stressful Experiences (RISE) program as a response to this need, drawing on two foundational conceptual frameworks: the trauma-based reentry framework and the well-being development model. The potential for successful implementation and dissemination of the RISE curriculum is considered, emphasizing accessibility, ease of implementation, and acceptability.
Renn, T., Tamburri, S., Pettus, C., & Tripodi, S.J.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry.
PUBLISHED 1/2026
Stories of Success: A Qualitative Analysis of Diversion Officials’ Experiences of Clients Completing Prosecutor-led Diversion
Prosecutor-led diversion programs are a promising alternative to incarceration. This study explores how diversion officials perceive and facilitate successful diversion programming for clients to provide information to the field that may enhance the impact of diversion programming.
Curley, E., Julian, S., Pettus, C.,
Journal of Community Psychology – Wiley Online Library
PUBLISHED 11/2025
Service utilization patterns and psychological distress among formerly incarcerated individuals: A latent class and longitudinal mixed effects analysis.
Reentry services are essential in helping address the multifaceted challenges people face upon their return to the community from incarceration. To date, research has focused largely on treatment needs, isolated interventions, and the effects of program participation on recidivism. Much less is known about the combinations of services that formerly incarcerated people engage with and how service use may impact psychological outcomes. The current study uses longitudinal data to establish latent classes of service utilization among a sample of formerly incarcerated adults.
Graves, B., Mowbray, O., Aletraris, L., Shannon, S., Atkin-Plunk, C., Pettus, C.,
Journal of Crime and Justice
PUBLISHED 6/2025
Study protocol for transforming health equity research in integrated primary care: Antiracism as a disruptive innovation
Among the consequences of systemic racism in health care are significant health disparities among Black/African American individuals with comorbid physical and mental health conditions. Despite decades of studies acknowledging health disparities based on race, significant change has not occurred. There are shockingly few evidence-based antiracism interventions. New paradigms are needed to intervene on, and not just document, racism in health care systems. We are developing a transformative paradigm for new antiracism interventions for primary care settings that integrate mental and physical health care.
Naar, S., Pettus, C., Anderson, N., Pooler-Burgess, M., Ralston, P., Flynn, H., & Luke, D.
PloS one, 19(6), e0306185.
PUBLISHED 5/2025
Enhancing Diversion Success Through Financial Capability and Asset Building: A Framework and Proposed Intervention
Mass incarceration policies in the United States have generated the highest incarceration rate in the world, yet many incarcerated individuals have committed nonviolent offenses or been confined because they could not pay fines or fees. Diversion offers an opportunity for justice-involved individuals to avoid conviction and collateral consequences while maximizing public safety, reducing case processing, decreasing overpopulation in prisons, and lowering costs. However, diversion programs do not adequately address financial instability and insecurity that often contribute to criminal behavior. This paper reviews evidence on adult diversion programs and proposes an intervention approach responding to socioeconomic factors contributing to criminal behavior.
Johnson, L., Sherraden, M. S., Pettus, C., Miller, J., & Huang, J.
PUBLISHED 4/2025
Association of reentry well-being with psychological distress, employment, and housing instability 15-months after incarceration
Assessment of individual well-being during preparation for release from incarceration can provide a more holistic picture than an exclusive focus on risk factors. The Reentry Well-Being Assessment Tool (RWAT) is created to capture different dimensions of reentry well-being. This study examines the predictive validity of the RWAT measures with the post-release outcomes of psychological distress, employment, and housing instability.
Veeh, C., Renn, T., Pettus, C., & Moore, J.
Journal of Society for Social Work and Research
PUBLISHED 1/2025
Predictors of problem-focused coping strategies among criminal justice-involved adults with co-occurring disorders
Rates of mental health disorders, substance use disorders, and their co-occurrence are disproportionately higher among adults in the criminal justice system than among those in the general population. Holistic reentry programming is needed for this group and contemporary frameworks point to the need for effective coping strategies. However, much of the scholarly attention has focussed on negative coping strategies like substance use or illegal behaviors. The current study examines predictors of problem-focused coping among a sample of reentering justice-involved adults with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders.
Graves, B. D., Mowbray, O., Aletraris, L., Shannon, S., Atkin-Plunk, C. A., & Pettus, C.
Justice, Opportunities, and Rehabilitation
PUBLISHED 9/2024
Examining Prosecution
On September 23 and 24, the National Academies convened a workshop to explore models of prosecutorial programs and practices, implications for public policy, and priorities for future research.
This new proceedings summarizes the workshop’s key themes, including pressing challenges and opportunities, and areas for further consideration and guidance.
National Academies | Proceedings of a Workshop
PUBLISHED 6/2024
Study Protocol for Transforming Health Equity Research in Integrated Primary Care: Antiracism as a Disruptive Innovation
The Transformative Health Justice Collaborative project is thrilled to announce that our article, “Study Protocol for Transforming Health Equity Research in Integrated Primary Care: Antiracism as a Disruptive Innovation” has been published online in the PLOS ONE Journal. This work is authored by Drs. Sylvie Naar, Carrie Pettus, The Late Norman Anderson, Meardith Pooler-Burgess, Penny Ralston, Heather Flynn, Doug Luke, Todd Combs, Claudia Baquet, and Christopher Schatschneider.
PLOS ONE Journal
PUBLISHED 2/2024
Validation of a Multi-Dimensional Social Support Measure for Individuals Who Are Incarcerated
This study sought to validate the psychometric properties of the Network Composition Survey (NCS), a multi-dimensional conceptualization of social support for individuals who are incarcerated. Methods: Data included 1,539 individuals recruited in 50 prisons across four states to participate in the pilot trial of a prison reentry program. Conclusion: The reduced NCS is a reliable and valid measure of multi-dimensional social support for individuals during incarceration. The NCS reflects a more nuanced assessment of the complexities of interpersonal dynamics with support figures. The NCS also provides utility services targeted for social support during reentry.
Curley, E., Killian, M., Renn, T., Veeh, C., and Pettus, C.
Research on Social Work Practice
PUBLISHED 12/2023
“I Feel like I Have ‘Prison’ Tattooed on my Forehead”: Women’s Trajectories after Release from Incarceration
Although reentry has been well explored, less is known about women’s reentry trajectories and whether reentry experiences change over time. The current study explored women’s experiences from prison release to 15-months post-release using interviews with 29 women across four states. Themes from early reentry (2 weeks–4 months) underscored women’s struggle for survival. Women were dependent on informal support, struggling to readjust to mothering, and experiencing stigma from potential employers. Themes from later reentry (8–15 months) mostly portrayed the complexities of social support as mothering remained challenging, family support became a double-edged sword, and formal support services were difficult to access.
Tripodi, S. J., Kennedy, S. C., Miller, F., Renn, T., Veeh, C., Pettus, C., & Schelbe, L.
Women & Criminal Justice
PUBLISHED 12/2023
Trauma and incarceration: A latent class analysis of lifetime trauma exposures for individuals in prison
This paper aims to contribute to the knowledge base about the lives of individuals who experience incarceration in the U.S. in order to advance post-release intervention services. Research has shown that among the millions of Americans who cycle through prisons and jails each year, the majority are poor, in poor health, living in contexts of chronic violence, often with mental illness, and more than half are people of color. Of particular concern for this population are high rates of trauma exposure and PTSD, though the research in this area is underdeveloped, particularly for men.
Morrison, M., Pettus, C., Drake, B., Roth, K. & Renn, T.
Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 1-17
PUBLISHED 7/2023
PILOT AND FEASIBILITY STUDIES
Study protocol paper for the multi‑site feasibility evaluation of mobile and technology‑assisted aftercare services for crisis stabilization units
This study offers decision making and procedural insight into law enforcement use of Crisis Stabilization Units (CSUs) as an alternative to jail. Data-based research provides outcome trends for those who go through standard CSU services compared to those who receive mobile and technology-assisted aftercare services. Understanding the effects of CSU aftercare services on persons may guide policy and national understanding of effective criminal justice diversion for persons with behavioral health disorders.
Pettus, C., Fulmer, R., Pederson, S., & Eikenberry, J.
Pilot and Feasibility Studies. 10.1186/s40814-023-01361-8
PUBLISHED 6/2023
Behavioral health literacy: A new construct to improve outcomes among incarcerated residents
In the United States, nearly 13 million adults are incarcerated in prisons and jails annually with significant negative public health consequences. Incarcerated individuals have disproportionate rates of behavioral health disorders (BHDs); untreated BHD symptoms bring people into incarceration settings and are associated with re-arrest after release. Although lack of treatment motivation is often used to explain these outcomes, individuals may have limited knowledge about BHDs and their symptoms, when and why treatment is warranted, and how to access treatment during custody and in the community. We propose a new construct called behavioral health literacy to facilitate linkage between individuals with BHDs and appropriate treatment options. In this paper, we define behavioral health literacy, review extant literature, describe why behavioral health literacy is needed, and explore how behavioral health literacy interventions may be developed to expand knowledge and guide policy and practice, ultimately improving both behavioral health outcomes and reduce criminal legal system involvement.
Pettus, C., Kennedy, S. C., Renn, T., Tripodi, S. J., Herod, L., Rudes, D., Taxman, F.
International Journal of Social Welfare, 1-11, 10.1111/ijsw.12624
PUBLISHED 3/2023
“… he’s going to be facing the same things that he faced prior to being locked up”: perceptions of service needs for substance use disorders”
High rates of substance use disorders (SUDs) exist among justice-involved populations (i.e., persons incarcerated or recently released). SUD treatment is crucial for justice-involved populations as unmet treatment need increases reincarceration risk and impacts other behavioral health sequalae. A limited understanding of health needs (i.e. health literacy) can be one reason for unmet treatment needs. Social support is critical to seeking SUD treatment and post-incarceration outcomes.
Beeler, S., Renn, T., & Pettus, C.
Health & Justice, 11(1), 1-13
PUBLISHED 2023
The Relationship between Lifetime Opioid Use and Mental and Physical Health among a criminal justice-involved population
Relationships between opioid use and health, both physical and mental, have been discovered over the last decade or so, but these relationships have yet to be explored among incarcerated individuals. Using baseline data from a multistate randomized controlled trial, authors aimed to fill this gap by exploring mental health disorder rates and physical health among a sample of incarcerated individuals who report lifetime opioid use and nearing community reentry. This work speaks to the urgency in expanding efforts to increase access to comprehensive service delivery models that address substance use, mental health, and physical health comorbidities among incarcerated individuals.
Renn, T., Moore, J., Veeh, C., Pettus, C.
Social Work Research
PUBLISHED 2023
Examining Case Dismissal Outcomes in Prosecutor-Led Diversion Programs
Prosecutors’ offices are a critical site for criminal legal reform and decarceration efforts. Prosecutor-led diversion programs (PLDPs) are a prosecutorial innovation that process cases away from punitive prosecution and, instead, offer various services and supports. Successfully completing a PLDP results in the dismissal of the charge, which helps participants to avoid formal entry into the criminal legal system and a range of collateral consequences. This paper reports findings from over 11,000 participants in six PLDPs in three Midwestern jurisdictions, and examines race/ethnicity and charge characteristics associated with successful program completion and case dismissal.
Epperson, M. W., Sawh, L., Patel, S., Pettus, C., & Grier, A.
Criminal Justice Policy Review, 34(3), 236-260.
PUBLISHED 2023
Validation for Multidimensional Measure of Reentry Well-Being Among Individuals Who Are Incarcerated=
Thousands release from imprisonment every day but no specialized measures of progress during reentry exist beyond criminal risk. This study investigates a new measure of well-being during the transition to the community called the Reentry Well-Being Assessment Tool (RWAT). The RWAT is designed as an alternative to measures of risk while responding to the challenges of individualizing program services and evaluating effectiveness.
Veeh, C. A., Renn, T., Pettus, C., & Petscher, Y.
Research on Social Work Practice, 10497315231151238.
PUBLISHED 2023
Promoting Smart Decarceration as a Grand Challenge
America began the dramatic growth of its criminal justice system in the 1970s that led to the United States becoming the world’s largest jailer by the 21st century—a time period commonly referred to as mass incarceration. On any given day, approximately two million people are locked behind prisons and jail bars across the country, and over eleven million people cycle in and out of jails and prisons each year. As of the 2020s, there is widespread recognition that racial and social inequities fuel the constant churn of people in and out of the criminal justice and legal systems, leading to the burgeoning of advocacy groups and researchers calling to not only reform but transform the American way of conducting legal and correctional processing of crime. Promote Smart Decarceration was adopted by the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare (now powered by the Grand Challenges for Social Work) in 2015 as an organizing framework for data-driven and evaluative reforms.
Pettus, C., Tripodi, S. J., & Paseda, O. K.
In Oxford Bibliographies in Social Work. Ed. Edward J. Mullen. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780195389678-0320.
PUBLISHED 2023
Trauma and Prospects for Reentry
Trauma is an almost universal experience for those with incarceration histories. Lifetime traumatic experiences begin in childhood, continue in adulthood, and persist during and after incarceration. For centuries, the capacity for trauma to have a deleterious impact on social, mental, and biological functioning has been a topic of inquiry, and for years empirical work has connected trauma to crime and justice system involvement. Trauma-responsive reentry is the future state of the art for reentry. This review examines the prevalence and consequences of lifetime traumatic experiences for individuals releasing from incarceration and returning home.
Pettus, C.
Annual Review of Criminology, 6, 423-446
PUBLISHED 2022
Investigating wearable fitness applications: Data privacy and digital forensics analysis on android
Wearable devices are becoming more and more prevalent in our daily lives as people become more curious about how well they are doing in monitoring, improving, or maintaining their health and fitness. Fitness trackers and smartwatches have become almost ubiquitous, so these devices have begun to play a critical role in forensic investigations. In this paper, the authors conducted a forensic analysis of the controlling applications for three popular fitness bands and smartwatches on an Android smartphone device to (1) provide forensic investigators with a road-map of forensically relevant data that are stored within these applications and (2) highlight any privacy concerns that the stored data within these applications may present to the applications’ users.
Hutchinson*, S., Mirza*, M., West*, N., Karabiyik, U., Rogers, M., Mukherjee, T., Aggarwal, S., Chung, H., Pettus, C.
Applied Sciences
PUBLISHED 2022
Study protocol paper for the multisite randomized controlled trial of comprehensive trauma informed reentry services for moderate to high risk young makes releasing from state prisons
Nearly half of the individuals who release from state prisons each year are under the age of 35; 89% are men. These young men are highly likely to be re-incarcerated. Research suggests untreated trauma symptoms contribute to high rates of incarceration and re-incarceration. As trauma symptomatology can increase during reentry, implementing trauma treatment during this time is critical. The current study fills an important gap by implementing an evidence-driven trauma intervention with young, incarcerated men and extending treatment post-release in the community.
Pettus, C., Renn, T., Tripodi, S., Tamberi, S.
Contemporary Clinical Trials, 117.
PUBLISHED 2022
“People make mistakes” Stakeholders and participants’ perception of the acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of diversion and deferred prosecution programs
Deferred prosecution programs (DPPs—also known as prosecutor-led diversion) are a type of diversion program that diverts individuals from traditional court proceedings to participate in specific program requirements in return for dismissal or expungement of their charge(s). Yet, there is no standardized DPP model applied across programs and jurisdictions, and there is little research regarding the implementation outcomes of these varied programs. The current study contributes to the continuing process of DPP program implementation, evaluation, modification, and dissemination of evidence through a multisite investigation of DPP stakeholders’ perceptions of programming.
Pettus, C., Pederson, S., Curley, E., Grier, A., Epperson, M.W., Sawh, L.
Psychology, Public Policy, & Law. Advance online publication.
PUBLISHED 2022
Review of “Halfway Home: Race, Punishment, and the Afterlife of Mass Incarceration” by R. J. Miller
Halfway Home: Race, Punishment, and the Afterlife of Incarceration is an eloquent and sophisticated piece of scholarship that is simultaneously accessible to any reader- -whether academic or not. It is also complex and conflicted, which is appropriate, as it has been well documented that the American criminal iustice svstem is complex and conflicted.
Pettus, C.
Social Service Review. Volume 96, Number 1
PUBLISHED 2021
The well-being development model: A theoretical model to improve outcomes among criminal justice system-involved individuals
This article proposes a new conceptual framework, the Well-Being Development Model (WBDM), to support the development, implementation, and assessment of innovative reentry interventions designed to increase well-being among the millions of individuals released from prisons and jails each year. In contrast to prominent models guiding reentry services, the WBDM increases incarcerated and formerly incarcerated individuals’ capacity to reach their full potential while addressing common problems and barriers to success.
Pettus, C., Veeh, C., Renn, T., & Kennedy, S.
Social Service Review, 95, 413-468
PUBLISHED 2021
Characteristics of young fathers in jail: Associations with father-child relationship and recidivism
Research on paternal incarceration has paid less attention to young fathers incarcerated in jail settings where most residents are either pretrial detained or serving out short sentences. This study describes the characteristics of a sample of 103 jailed fathers aged 18 to 25, including two subsamples consist of participants who had opportunity to recidivate (n = 83) and participants who completed trauma history questionnaire (n = 62), and explores associations between father experiences, father–child relationships, behavioral health factors, and recidivism. Results show jailed young fathers have several risk factors as well as strengths. Their father–child relationship is positively associated with training on fathering skills, employment experiences, and self-efficacy, and negatively associated with incarceration history.
Jian, L*., Pettus, C., & Kohl, P. L.
Victims & Offenders
PUBLISHED 2021
Correlates of posttraumatic stress symptoms among victimized women on probation and parole
This study aimed to identify the correlates of post-traumatic stress among a sample of women on probation and parole with a history of victimization. Community-based sampling was used to recruit 406 women on probation and parole in Jefferson County, Kentucky. The post-traumatic stress diagnostic scale was used to measure three indicators of post-traumatic stress: post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis, symptom severity, and the number of life domains impacted by symptoms.
Prost, S., Golder, S., Pettus-Davis, C., Edmond, T., Renn, T., & Higgins, G.
Probation Journal
PUBLISHED 2021
Support4families: A proposed intervention model to support families of individuals returning home from incarceration
Leaving incarceration and returning home (i.e., reentry) affects individuals and their families; 90% of individuals releasing from prison rely on family for critical reentry supports. Although positive family support during this period is empirically linked to an individual’s success, providing support can place a substantial emotional, social, and fiscal toll on family units. Without intervention, positive family support may deteriorate or become negative. This article presents the theoretical and empirical grounding for creating family-focused reentry interventions that target the family members of individuals leaving incarceration to improve the outcomes of both the re-entering individual and the family unit.
Pettus-Davis, C.
Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 102, 316–332.
PUBLISHED 2021
The role of preparatory programming in increasing the effectiveness of a sex offender treatment intervention
Increasing the effectiveness of programs designed to treat individuals who have sexually offended is a critical step in reducing the rates of sexual violence in our communities. Yet, the research on such programs have yielded inconsistent results with regards to their effectiveness in reducing sexual recidivism among participants. Some researchers have explored whether the dose of treatment impacts recidivism, but there remains limited knowledge around the dose-response relationship for individuals who have sexually offended. The current study examines recidivism rates among 343 individuals who participated in and completed the programs administered by the North Carolina Department of Public Safety (NCDPS): Pre-SOAR (preparatory program), SOAR (full high-dose treatment program), and the combination of both Pre-SOAR and SOAR. Findings demonstrated that men who participated in Pre-SOAR only had the highest rates of recidivism among the three groups.
Renn, T., Veeh, C., Grady, M. D., Edwards, D., Pettus-Davis, C., & Kelton, K.
Victims & Offenders, 1–16.
PUBLISHED 2021
Incarcerated individuals’ experiences of COVID-19 in the United States
This study aims to examine steps taken by correctional staff to prevent COVID-19 from spreading through correctional facilities and explores strategies used by incarcerated individuals to reduce their own risk of contracting COVID-19 during confinement.
Pettus-Davis C, Kennedy S. C, & Veeh, C. A.
International Journal of Prisoner Health
PUBLISHED 2020
Early lessons from the multistate study of the 5-key model for reentry
Scholars have extensively documented the challenges formerly incarcerated individuals face as they leave prison and return to the community. However, it is unclear whether existing reentry service approaches are effective at helping individuals overcome those challenges as they return home. Research on reentry services to date has primarily focused on the design, implementation, and evaluation of interventions conducted with the individual who experienced incarceration, with a relative paucity of research looking at active interventions affecting the various community-level or policy factors that can dramatically influence an individual’s likelihood for post-incarceration success. This article describes preliminary findings from a longitudinal study aiming to respond to these limitations in reentry research and to generate evidence to facilitate reentry reform in both the policy and reentry services contexts.
Pettus-Davis, C., & Kennedy, S.
Perspectives: The Journal of the American Probation and Parole Association, Vol 44, 19-31
PUBLISHED 2019
Pathways to recidivism for women released from prison: A mediated model of abuse, mental health issues, and substance use
This study uses structural equation modeling to determine whether there are direct and indirect relationships between childhood trauma and recidivism for 230 women from two state prisons in North Carolina. The researchers obtained a random sample from all women scheduled to be released between 30 and 120 days from data collection. Findings indicated that childhood trauma was not significantly related to recidivism for this sample, but there was an indirect relationship with depression being the intervening variable accounting for the relationship between childhood trauma and recidivism. Results lend support to the importance of addressing incarcerated women’s trauma before release, while also assessing for depression and using empirically supported interventions to treat depression when applicable.
Tripodi, S., Pettus-Davis, C., Bender, K., Renn, T., & Kennedy, S.
Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46, 1219–1236.
PUBLISHED 2019
Proposing a population-specific intervention approach to treat trauma among men during and after incarceration
A significant treatment gap exists for incarcerated men with lifetime traumatic experiences. A small research base for trauma interventions for incarcerated women is emerging, but incarcerated men have largely been ignored. Men comprise 90% of the incarcerated population and are at the greatest risk to be rearrested for a new crime after release. One of the most overlooked, but highly influential, factors in poor postrelease outcomes of formerly incarcerated men is unaddressed symptoms resulting from lifetime traumatic experiences. Studies of incarcerated men report up to 98% have had at least one lifetime traumatic experience—many have experienced multiple traumas.
Pettus-Davis, C., Renn, T., Lacasse, J. R., & Motley, R.
Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 20, 379-393
PUBLISHED 2019
Intervention development study of the 5-Key Model for Reentry: An evidence driven prisoner reentry intervention
Over the past decade and a half, substantial resources were poured into the development of prisoner reentry programs. However, the excitement that surrounded the initial roll out of reentry programs has begun to wane from a lack of substantive change to the number of individuals who return to prison. Therefore, this article details the development of an intervention that can provide a new path forward for prisoner reentry programs. Informed by a rigorous process based on both theory and a thorough literature review of randomized controlled trials, evidence-driven interventions were identified and combined into a holistic reentry services approach.
Pettus-Davis, C., Renn, T., Veeh, C., & Eikenberry, J.
Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 58, 614-643
PUBLISHED 2018
What trauma looks like for incarcerated men: A study of men’s lifetime trauma exposure in two state prisons
While it is understood that high rates of trauma exposure are common among incarcerated male populations, there is limited data on the nature of the trauma exposure. This study sought to develop foundational knowledge about the trauma experiences of incarcerated men in order to provide a basis for further theory building in this area.
Morrison, M.,* Pettus-Davis, C., Renn, T., Veeh, C., & Weatherly, C.
Journal of Traumatic Stress Disorder and Treatment, 7, 1-7.
PUBLISHED 2018
Incarcerated women’s experiences and perceptions of participating in research
The research process within prisons has largely considered researchers’ perspectives. Only one known study explicitly examined incarcerated persons’ perceptions and no known studies have explored incarcerated persons’ experiences with research on sensitive topics. This study examines incarcerated women’s experiences with participating in research on victimization.
Schelbe, L., Hanifin, C., Wilfong, A., Hardwick, A., Tripodi, S., & Pettus-Davis, C.
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62, 3797–3814
PUBLISHED 2018
Promoting reentry well-being: A novel assessment tool for individualized service assignment in prisoner reentry programs
Reentry programs in the United States absorb a steady stream of former prisoners, and many of these individuals have multiple service needs that are not fully met by one-size-fits-all approaches to treatment. In this Practice Update, the authors describe the Reentry Well-Being Assessment Tool, which is designed to facilitate the assignment of individualized treatment services in such programs. The authors provide specific guidance on treatment principles and targets, implementation, and fidelity monitoring, emphasizing the tool’s ability to tailor services to individual needs.
Veeh, C., Renn, T., & Pettus-Davis, C.
Social Work, 63, 91-96